Wednesday, May 17, 2006
Angina Cardiac Protocols
Causes
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/chest-pain/DS00016/DSECTION=2
Diagnostics
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/chest-pain/DS00016/DSECTION=4
Treatment
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/chest-pain/DS00016/DSECTION=5
EKG Interpretations
http://www.e-ekg.com/
Informational
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angina
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Angina/Angina_WhatIs.html
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/angina.html
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/chest-pain/DS00016/DSECTION=2
Diagnostics
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/chest-pain/DS00016/DSECTION=4
Treatment
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/chest-pain/DS00016/DSECTION=5
EKG Interpretations
http://www.e-ekg.com/
Informational
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angina
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Angina/Angina_WhatIs.html
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/angina.html
Monday, May 15, 2006
Original article:
Where on the web?
http://www.webmd.com/hw/brain_nervous_system/hw97809.asp
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
USE THIS WEBSITE and ATI chapter 5 to
Distinguish between adrenergic and Cholinergic
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Neuromuscular blockers
Skeletal muscle relaxants
Distinguish between alpha and beta 1 and 2 receptors
What is the role of the vagal nerve?
Drugs to know
Inderal, lopressor, tenormin, pilocar for glaucom, reglan anti-nauseant, atropine is used as a nerve agent, flexeril as a muscle relaxant, calcium reducers for skeletal relaxerds, theophylline as stimulant, benzodiazepines like valium for sedative or hypnotic effects.
How are cholinerics used for respiratory?
Parkinson's?
Belladonna is made into atropine, what can it be used for?
Do crtical exercises on page 195and 196
Check e mail for dates etc of exams.
Topic Overview
Emergencies
Check Your Symptoms
Home Treatment
Prevention
Preparing For Your Appointment
Related Information
Credits
Nervous System Problems
Topic Overview
The nervous system is a complex, highly specialized network. It organizes, explains, and directs interactions between you and the world around you. The nervous system controls:
Sight, hearing, taste, smell, and feeling (sensation).
Voluntary and involuntary functions, such as movement, balance, and coordination. The nervous system also regulates the actions of most other body systems, such as blood flow and blood pressure.
The ability to think and reason. The nervous system allows you to be conscious and have thoughts, memories, and language.
The nervous system is divided into the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system, or CNS) and the nerve cells that control voluntary and involuntary movements (peripheral nervous system, or PNS).
The symptoms of a nervous system problem depend on which area of the nervous system is involved and what is causing the problem. Nervous system problems may occur slowly and cause a gradual loss of function (degenerative), or they may occur suddenly and cause life-threatening problems (acute). Symptoms may be mild or severe. Some serious conditions, diseases, and injuries that can cause nervous system problems include:
Blood supply problems (vascular disorders).
Injuries (trauma), especially injuries to the head and spinal cord.
Problems that are present at birth (congenital).
Problems that cause a gradual loss of function (degenerative). Examples include:
Parkinson's disease.
Multiple sclerosis (MS).
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Alzheimer's disease.
Huntington's disease.
Peripheral neuropathies.
Infections. These may occur in the:
Brain (encephalitis or abscesses).
Membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meningitis).
Sinuses (sinusitis), which only rarely spread into brain tissue.
Overuse of or withdrawal from prescription and nonprescription medications, street drugs, or alcohol.
A brain tumor.
Organ system failure. Examples include:
Respiratory failure.
Heart failure.
Liver failure (hepatic encephalopathy).
Kidney failure (uremia).
Other conditions. Some examples include:
Thyroid dysfunction (overactive or underactive thyroid).
High blood sugar (diabetes) or low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
Electrolyte problems.
Nutritional deficiencies, such as vitamin B1 (thiamine) or vitamin B12 deficiency.
Guillain-Barré syndrome.
To Health Guide A-Z back to the top
Nervous System Problems: Topic Overview Previous Next
Topic Overview
Nervous System Problems
Topic Overview
A sudden (acute) nervous system problem can cause many different symptoms, depending on the area of the nervous system involved. Stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) are common examples of acute problems. You may experience the sudden onset of one or more symptoms, such as:
Numbness, tingling, weakness, or inability to move a part or all of one side of the body (paralysis).
Dimness, blurring, double vision, or loss of vision in one or both eyes.
Loss of speech, trouble talking, or trouble understanding speech.
Sudden, severe headache.
Dizziness, unsteadiness, or the inability to stand or walk, especially if other symptoms are present.
Confusion or a change in level of consciousness or behavior.
Severe nausea or vomiting.
Nervous System Problems
Topic Overview
Seizures can also cause sudden changes in consciousness, feeling (sensation), emotion, or thought. Abnormal body movements, such as muscle twitching, may or may not be present. How often the seizures occur and how severe they are depend on the cause of the seizures and the area of the brain involved.
Diabetes can cause problems with balance, either as a result of peripheral neuropathy or stroke.
Vertigo and dizziness are problems of balance and coordination (equilibrium). Vertigo is often caused by a medication or a problem of the inner ear or brain. Emotional distress, dehydration, blood pressure problems, and other diseases can all cause feelings of dizziness.
Most headaches are not caused by serious central nervous system problems. The pain that comes with a headache can range from a throbbing or a piercing pain, such as with a migraine, to severe pain that comes and goes over several days, such as with cluster headaches. Headaches are usually caused by problems with the sinuses, scalp, or muscles of or around the head.
Review the Emergencies and Check Your Symptoms sections to determine if and when you need to see a health professional.
Where on the web?
http://www.webmd.com/hw/brain_nervous_system/hw97809.asp
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
USE THIS WEBSITE and ATI chapter 5 to
Distinguish between adrenergic and Cholinergic
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Neuromuscular blockers
Skeletal muscle relaxants
Distinguish between alpha and beta 1 and 2 receptors
What is the role of the vagal nerve?
Drugs to know
Inderal, lopressor, tenormin, pilocar for glaucom, reglan anti-nauseant, atropine is used as a nerve agent, flexeril as a muscle relaxant, calcium reducers for skeletal relaxerds, theophylline as stimulant, benzodiazepines like valium for sedative or hypnotic effects.
How are cholinerics used for respiratory?
Parkinson's?
Belladonna is made into atropine, what can it be used for?
Do crtical exercises on page 195and 196
Check e mail for dates etc of exams.
Topic Overview
Emergencies
Check Your Symptoms
Home Treatment
Prevention
Preparing For Your Appointment
Related Information
Credits
Nervous System Problems
Topic Overview
The nervous system is a complex, highly specialized network. It organizes, explains, and directs interactions between you and the world around you. The nervous system controls:
Sight, hearing, taste, smell, and feeling (sensation).
Voluntary and involuntary functions, such as movement, balance, and coordination. The nervous system also regulates the actions of most other body systems, such as blood flow and blood pressure.
The ability to think and reason. The nervous system allows you to be conscious and have thoughts, memories, and language.
The nervous system is divided into the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system, or CNS) and the nerve cells that control voluntary and involuntary movements (peripheral nervous system, or PNS).
The symptoms of a nervous system problem depend on which area of the nervous system is involved and what is causing the problem. Nervous system problems may occur slowly and cause a gradual loss of function (degenerative), or they may occur suddenly and cause life-threatening problems (acute). Symptoms may be mild or severe. Some serious conditions, diseases, and injuries that can cause nervous system problems include:
Blood supply problems (vascular disorders).
Injuries (trauma), especially injuries to the head and spinal cord.
Problems that are present at birth (congenital).
Problems that cause a gradual loss of function (degenerative). Examples include:
Parkinson's disease.
Multiple sclerosis (MS).
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Alzheimer's disease.
Huntington's disease.
Peripheral neuropathies.
Infections. These may occur in the:
Brain (encephalitis or abscesses).
Membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meningitis).
Sinuses (sinusitis), which only rarely spread into brain tissue.
Overuse of or withdrawal from prescription and nonprescription medications, street drugs, or alcohol.
A brain tumor.
Organ system failure. Examples include:
Respiratory failure.
Heart failure.
Liver failure (hepatic encephalopathy).
Kidney failure (uremia).
Other conditions. Some examples include:
Thyroid dysfunction (overactive or underactive thyroid).
High blood sugar (diabetes) or low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
Electrolyte problems.
Nutritional deficiencies, such as vitamin B1 (thiamine) or vitamin B12 deficiency.
Guillain-Barré syndrome.
To Health Guide A-Z back to the top
Nervous System Problems: Topic Overview Previous Next
Topic Overview
Nervous System Problems
Topic Overview
A sudden (acute) nervous system problem can cause many different symptoms, depending on the area of the nervous system involved. Stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) are common examples of acute problems. You may experience the sudden onset of one or more symptoms, such as:
Numbness, tingling, weakness, or inability to move a part or all of one side of the body (paralysis).
Dimness, blurring, double vision, or loss of vision in one or both eyes.
Loss of speech, trouble talking, or trouble understanding speech.
Sudden, severe headache.
Dizziness, unsteadiness, or the inability to stand or walk, especially if other symptoms are present.
Confusion or a change in level of consciousness or behavior.
Severe nausea or vomiting.
Nervous System Problems
Topic Overview
Seizures can also cause sudden changes in consciousness, feeling (sensation), emotion, or thought. Abnormal body movements, such as muscle twitching, may or may not be present. How often the seizures occur and how severe they are depend on the cause of the seizures and the area of the brain involved.
Diabetes can cause problems with balance, either as a result of peripheral neuropathy or stroke.
Vertigo and dizziness are problems of balance and coordination (equilibrium). Vertigo is often caused by a medication or a problem of the inner ear or brain. Emotional distress, dehydration, blood pressure problems, and other diseases can all cause feelings of dizziness.
Most headaches are not caused by serious central nervous system problems. The pain that comes with a headache can range from a throbbing or a piercing pain, such as with a migraine, to severe pain that comes and goes over several days, such as with cluster headaches. Headaches are usually caused by problems with the sinuses, scalp, or muscles of or around the head.
Review the Emergencies and Check Your Symptoms sections to determine if and when you need to see a health professional.
Wednesday, May 03, 2006
Renal Study
Renal Urinary
Date: 5/3/2006
To: Senior Pharmacology
From: Sylvester
Drugs to Know
Answer this for all these drugs as they relate to the Renal and urinary system
DrugsLasixAldactoneDiurilMannitol
Lanoxin
Cardizem
HeparinCoumadinMorphine sulfate
fluconazole
methylprednisolone
ElavilUsesAdverseEffectsPrecautionsInterventionsEducation UsesAdverseEffectsPrecautionsInterventionsEducationUsesAdverseEffectsPrecautionsInterventionsEducation
UsesAdverseEffectsPrecautionsInterventionsEducation
BUN:CREATININE RATIO
BUN:creatinine ratio is usually >20:1 in prerenal and postrenal azotemia, and <12:1 in acute tubular necrosis. Other intrinsic renal disease characteristically produces a ratio between these values
CRETININE
Creatinine 0.6-1.3 Increase in serum creatinine is seen any renal functional impairment. Because of its insensitivity in detecting early renal failure, the creatinine clearance is significantly reduced before any rise in serum creatinine occurs. The renal impairment may be due to intrinsic renal lesions, decreased perfusion of the kidney, or obstruction of the lower urinary tract.
Creatine Clearance(140-AGE) Wt kg/72Serum Creatine
POTASSIUM
Potassium K Normal - 3.5-5.0 Increase in serum potassium is seen in states characterized by excess destruction of cells, with redistribution of K+ from the intra- to the extracellular compartment, as in massive hemolysis, crush injuries, hyperkinetic activity, and malignant hyperpyrexia. Decreased renal K+ excretion is seen in acute renal failure, some cases of chronic renal failure, Addison's disease, and other sodium-depleted states. Hyperkalemia due to pure excess of K+ intake is usually iatrogenic.
Drugs causing hyperkalemia include amiloride, aminocaproic acid, antineoplastic agents, epinephrine, heparin, histamine, indomethacin, isoniazid, lithium, mannitol, methicillin, potassium salts of penicillin, phenformin, propranolol, salt substitutes, spironolactone, succinylcholine, tetracycline, triamterene, and tromethamine. Spurious hyperkalemia can be seen when a patient exercises his/her arm with the tourniquet in place prior to venipuncture. Hemolysis and marked thrombocytosis may cause false elevations of serum K+ as well. Failure to promptly separate serum from cells in a clot tube is a notorious source of falsely elevated potassium.
Decrease in serum potassium is seen usually in states characterized by excess K+ loss, such as in vomiting, diarrhea, villous adenoma of the colorectum, certain renal tubular defects, hypercorticoidism, etc. Redistribution hypokalemia is seen in glucose/insulin therapy, alkalosis (where serum K+ is lost into cells and into urine), and familial periodic paralysis. Drugs causing hypokalemia include amphotericin, carbenicillin, carbenoxolone, corticosteroids, diuretics, licorice, salicylates, and ticarcillin.
RBC (Red Blood Cell) COUNT
The RBC count is most useful as raw data for calculation of the erythrocyte indices MCV and MCH [see below]. Decreased RBC is usually seen in anemia of any cause with the possible exception of thalassemia minor, where a mild or borderline anemia is seen with a high or borderline-high RBC. Increased RBC is seen in erythrocytotic states, whether absolute (polycythemia vera, erythrocytosis of chronic hypoxia) or relative (dehydration, stress polycthemia), and in thalassemia minor [see "Hemoglobin," below, for discussion of anemias and erythrocytoses].
HEMOGLOBIN, HEMATOCRIT, MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume), MCH (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin), MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration)
SODIUM
Increase in serum sodium is seen in conditions with water loss in excessof salt loss, as in profuse sweating, severe diarrhea or vomiting,polyuria (as in diabetes mellitus or insipidus), hypergluco- ormineralocorticoidism, and inadequate water intake. Drugs causingelevated sodium include steroids with mineralocorticoid activity,carbenoxolone, diazoxide, guanethidine, licorice, methyldopa,oxyphenbutazone, sodium bicarbonate, methoxyflurane, and reserpine.
Decrease in sodium is seen in states characterized by intake of free water or hypotonic solutions, as may occur in fluid replacement following sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, and diuretic abuse. Dilutional hyponatremia may occur in cardiac failure, liver failure, nephrotic syndrome, malnutrition, and SIADH. There are many other causes of hyponatremia, mostly related to corticosteroid metabolic defects or renal tubular abnormalities. Drugs other than diuretics may cause hyponatremia, including ammonium chloride, chlorpropamide, heparin,aminoglutethimide, vasopressin, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine
BUN (UREA NITROGEN)
Blood Urea Nitrogen 7-18 Serum urea nitrogen (BUN) is increased in acute and chronic intrinsic renal disease, in states characterized by decreased effective circulating blood volume with decreased renal perfusion, in postrenal obstruction of urine flow, and in high protein intake states.
Decreased serum urea nitrogen (BUN) is seen in high carbohydrate/low protein diets, states characterized by increased anabolic demand (late pregnancy, infancy, acromegaly), malabsorption states, and severe liver damage.
URIC ACID
Increase in serum uric acid is seen idiopathically and in renal failure, disseminated neoplasms, toxemia of pregnancy, psoriasis, liver disease, sarcoidosis, ethanol consumption, etc. Many drugs elevate uric acid, including most diuretics, catacholamines, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, salicylates, and large doses of nicotinic acid.
Decreased serum uric acid level may not be of clinical significance. It has been reported in Wilson's disease, Fanconi's syndrome, xanthinuria, and (paradoxically) in some neoplasms, including Hodgkin's disease, myeloma, and bronchogenic carcinoma.
Date: 5/3/2006
To: Senior Pharmacology
From: Sylvester
Drugs to Know
Answer this for all these drugs as they relate to the Renal and urinary system
DrugsLasixAldactoneDiurilMannitol
Lanoxin
Cardizem
HeparinCoumadinMorphine sulfate
fluconazole
methylprednisolone
ElavilUsesAdverseEffectsPrecautionsInterventionsEducation UsesAdverseEffectsPrecautionsInterventionsEducationUsesAdverseEffectsPrecautionsInterventionsEducation
UsesAdverseEffectsPrecautionsInterventionsEducation
BUN:CREATININE RATIO
BUN:creatinine ratio is usually >20:1 in prerenal and postrenal azotemia, and <12:1 in acute tubular necrosis. Other intrinsic renal disease characteristically produces a ratio between these values
CRETININE
Creatinine 0.6-1.3 Increase in serum creatinine is seen any renal functional impairment. Because of its insensitivity in detecting early renal failure, the creatinine clearance is significantly reduced before any rise in serum creatinine occurs. The renal impairment may be due to intrinsic renal lesions, decreased perfusion of the kidney, or obstruction of the lower urinary tract.
Creatine Clearance(140-AGE) Wt kg/72Serum Creatine
POTASSIUM
Potassium K Normal - 3.5-5.0 Increase in serum potassium is seen in states characterized by excess destruction of cells, with redistribution of K+ from the intra- to the extracellular compartment, as in massive hemolysis, crush injuries, hyperkinetic activity, and malignant hyperpyrexia. Decreased renal K+ excretion is seen in acute renal failure, some cases of chronic renal failure, Addison's disease, and other sodium-depleted states. Hyperkalemia due to pure excess of K+ intake is usually iatrogenic.
Drugs causing hyperkalemia include amiloride, aminocaproic acid, antineoplastic agents, epinephrine, heparin, histamine, indomethacin, isoniazid, lithium, mannitol, methicillin, potassium salts of penicillin, phenformin, propranolol, salt substitutes, spironolactone, succinylcholine, tetracycline, triamterene, and tromethamine. Spurious hyperkalemia can be seen when a patient exercises his/her arm with the tourniquet in place prior to venipuncture. Hemolysis and marked thrombocytosis may cause false elevations of serum K+ as well. Failure to promptly separate serum from cells in a clot tube is a notorious source of falsely elevated potassium.
Decrease in serum potassium is seen usually in states characterized by excess K+ loss, such as in vomiting, diarrhea, villous adenoma of the colorectum, certain renal tubular defects, hypercorticoidism, etc. Redistribution hypokalemia is seen in glucose/insulin therapy, alkalosis (where serum K+ is lost into cells and into urine), and familial periodic paralysis. Drugs causing hypokalemia include amphotericin, carbenicillin, carbenoxolone, corticosteroids, diuretics, licorice, salicylates, and ticarcillin.
RBC (Red Blood Cell) COUNT
The RBC count is most useful as raw data for calculation of the erythrocyte indices MCV and MCH [see below]. Decreased RBC is usually seen in anemia of any cause with the possible exception of thalassemia minor, where a mild or borderline anemia is seen with a high or borderline-high RBC. Increased RBC is seen in erythrocytotic states, whether absolute (polycythemia vera, erythrocytosis of chronic hypoxia) or relative (dehydration, stress polycthemia), and in thalassemia minor [see "Hemoglobin," below, for discussion of anemias and erythrocytoses].
HEMOGLOBIN, HEMATOCRIT, MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume), MCH (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin), MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration)
SODIUM
Increase in serum sodium is seen in conditions with water loss in excessof salt loss, as in profuse sweating, severe diarrhea or vomiting,polyuria (as in diabetes mellitus or insipidus), hypergluco- ormineralocorticoidism, and inadequate water intake. Drugs causingelevated sodium include steroids with mineralocorticoid activity,carbenoxolone, diazoxide, guanethidine, licorice, methyldopa,oxyphenbutazone, sodium bicarbonate, methoxyflurane, and reserpine.
Decrease in sodium is seen in states characterized by intake of free water or hypotonic solutions, as may occur in fluid replacement following sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, and diuretic abuse. Dilutional hyponatremia may occur in cardiac failure, liver failure, nephrotic syndrome, malnutrition, and SIADH. There are many other causes of hyponatremia, mostly related to corticosteroid metabolic defects or renal tubular abnormalities. Drugs other than diuretics may cause hyponatremia, including ammonium chloride, chlorpropamide, heparin,aminoglutethimide, vasopressin, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine
BUN (UREA NITROGEN)
Blood Urea Nitrogen 7-18 Serum urea nitrogen (BUN) is increased in acute and chronic intrinsic renal disease, in states characterized by decreased effective circulating blood volume with decreased renal perfusion, in postrenal obstruction of urine flow, and in high protein intake states.
Decreased serum urea nitrogen (BUN) is seen in high carbohydrate/low protein diets, states characterized by increased anabolic demand (late pregnancy, infancy, acromegaly), malabsorption states, and severe liver damage.
URIC ACID
Increase in serum uric acid is seen idiopathically and in renal failure, disseminated neoplasms, toxemia of pregnancy, psoriasis, liver disease, sarcoidosis, ethanol consumption, etc. Many drugs elevate uric acid, including most diuretics, catacholamines, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, salicylates, and large doses of nicotinic acid.
Decreased serum uric acid level may not be of clinical significance. It has been reported in Wilson's disease, Fanconi's syndrome, xanthinuria, and (paradoxically) in some neoplasms, including Hodgkin's disease, myeloma, and bronchogenic carcinoma.
Tuesday, May 02, 2006
Study this!
Marking Period 2 Checklist and study sheet
Complete
ATI chapter 9
Know Meds for Renal systems
NCLEX PN test book in ethics room questions 390, 391, 397, 402, and 405
Epogen and Procrit is an important therapy associated with erythropoiten anomalies. Know this drug what labs willyou need with epogen? How do you administer epogen? When does the therapeutic effects take place?
I am going to add to the drug list
Uses
Adverse
Effects
Precautions
Interventions
Education
Complete
ATI chapter 9
Know Meds for Renal systems
NCLEX PN test book in ethics room questions 390, 391, 397, 402, and 405
Epogen and Procrit is an important therapy associated with erythropoiten anomalies. Know this drug what labs willyou need with epogen? How do you administer epogen? When does the therapeutic effects take place?
I am going to add to the drug list
Uses
Adverse
Effects
Precautions
Interventions
Education
Monday, May 01, 2006
Diuretics: Lower doses of thiazide diuretics (eg, hydrochlorothiazide or chlorthalidone 12.5 to 25 mg) can effectively control hypertension, with less risk of hypokalemia and hyperglycemia than higher doses (see also Ch. 199). Thus, potassium supplements may be required less often. Doses > 25 mg/day have been associated with increased mortality
Chapter 9 ATI
Functions of diuretics
Uses of Diuretics
Classes
Thiazide
loop
K sparing
CAI
Osmotic
Drugs
Lasix
Aldactone
Diuril
Mannitol
Know
Uses
Adverse Effects
Precautions
Interventions
Education
Critical Interactions
Lanoxin Lasix
Cardizem Lasix
What are some signs of hypokalemia?
How can we spot digitalis toxicity?
Which diretic is used for glaucoma?
How can diuretic therapy be evaluated?
How are lectrolytes assessed?
What are some foods that would help with hypokalemia?
What is the antidote for heparin?
Comadin?
Morphine sulfate?
Chapter 9 ATI
Functions of diuretics
Uses of Diuretics
Classes
Thiazide
loop
K sparing
CAI
Osmotic
Drugs
Lasix
Aldactone
Diuril
Mannitol
Know
Uses
Adverse Effects
Precautions
Interventions
Education
Critical Interactions
Lanoxin Lasix
Cardizem Lasix
What are some signs of hypokalemia?
How can we spot digitalis toxicity?
Which diretic is used for glaucoma?
How can diuretic therapy be evaluated?
How are lectrolytes assessed?
What are some foods that would help with hypokalemia?
What is the antidote for heparin?
Comadin?
Morphine sulfate?
